Brain Injury & Neuro Surgeons

Cognitive Neuroscience is a sector of neuroscience which explains the studies of neuroscience and the biological courses that includes human cognition, especially in which it is related amongst brain structures, its activity and cognitive purposes. The main purpose of it is to control how the brain functions and to know how classically it achieves performance. Cognitive Neuroscience may be a division of both psychology and neuroscience since it includes with together the biological sciences with the behavioural sciences, such as psychiatry and psychology. Many technologies are charity to measure brain activity, like useful neuroimaging, which can provide insight into behavioural observations when behavioural data is inadequate. Decision-making is an example for a biological procedure that involves cognition.

Neuroscience is that the scientific study of the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary science that combines and draws on multiple fields, from molecules to medicine. Neuroscience is that the study of how the nervous system develops, its structure, and what it does. Neuroscientists specialise in the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive functions. Not only is neuroscience concerned with the normal functioning of the nervous system, but also what happens to the nervous system when people have neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroscience is usually mentioned within the plural, as neurosciences.

Neuroimaging is the discipline that deals with the in vivo depiction of anatomy and function of the central nervous system (CNS) in health and disease. Neuroimaging encompasses the varied techniques wont to image the structure of the brain, and it is relevant to some health science disciplines, where it's an excellent impact on the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological diseases.

A Haemorrhagic Stroke that happens inside your brain is also called an intracerebral haemorrhage. Symptoms of an ICH can differ from person to person, but they’re almost always present immediately after the stroke occurs.

There are two likely causes of a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. The most mutual cause is an aneurysm. An aneurysm happens when a section of a blood vessel becomes enlarged from chronic and dangerously high blood pressure or when a blood vessel wall is feeble, which is usually congenital. This ballooning hints to thinning of the vessel wall, and ultimately to a rupture.

• Ischemic stroke
• Haemorrhage stroke
• Stroke prognosis
• Phobias
• Cerebral hypoperfusion
• Intracranial haemorrhage
• Non-invasive brain stimulation

Neuro Cardiology is the study of Interaction between heart and brain. It generally deals with the effect of stress on the heart. The cardiovascular system is under the regulation of the nervous system. An appropriate balance in the hormone levels, kind of life style, environmental conditions play a very important role in maintaining a good relation between heart and brain.

• Stress
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Brain Injury
• Interactions between heart and brain
• Heart failure

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system containing of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is so named as it integrates information it takes from, and organizes and influences the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals

The CNS is contained within the dorsal body cavity, with the brain housed in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal canal. In vertebrates, the brain is protected by the skull, whereas the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae.

• Addiction
• Cerebral Edema
• Functional and structural disorders
• CNS Neoplasia
• Spinal Meningitis
• CNS demyelinating disorders
• Development of Therapeutics for CNS Disorders

Neuro Genetics and neurometabolic abnormalities are disorders that move how the brain functions. They occur in young children of all ages, races and genders. Neurogenetic Disease is the umbrella period of chronic diseases which describe the brain abnormalities that happen following changes in the genes of the child and these cause certain brain cells to grow and function abnormally. In the case of neurometabolic abnormalities; these disorders result from problems in the enzymes of the form’s cells which are either unable to either use foods to produce the vitality the cell needs, or get rid of the breakdown products of the foods used.

Pediatric Neurology or child neurology mentions to a particular branch of medicine that contracts with the diagnosis and management of neurological circumstances in neonates (newborns), infants, children and adolescents. Neurological developmental problems during childhood. Childhood epilepsy.

Neurorehabilitation is a complex medical procedure which aims to aid retrieval from nervous system injury and to diminish and compensate for any functional alteration. The most imperative therapies are those that help people live their everyday lives. These contain physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychological therapy, speech, vision therapy, and language therapy, and therapies focused on daily function and community  re-integration. A particular effort is given to improving mobility and asset, as this is key to a person's individuality. Development in neuroimaging techniques has greatly improved the scope and outcome of neurorehabilitation.

• Neuropsychiatry
• Neuropsychology
• Cognitive Neurology
• Rehabilitation Robotics

Neurosurgery may be an extremely specific medical field targeted on process of disorders of the brain and spine. A surgeon may be a MD World Health Organization makes a specialty of the designation and operation of disorders of the central and peripheral spinal cord organized with innate anomalies, vascular disorders trauma, tumors, infections of the brain or spine, stroke, or chronic diseases of the spine. Neurosurgeons these days will operate employing a magnifier to envision the tiniest of brain and spine structures. A neural structure surgeon will accomplish small surgical operation to correct vascular disorders like aneurysms.

• Types of Neurosurgery
• Neurosurgery Procedures
• Neurosurgery Treatment

A neural circuit is a population of neurons interrelated by synapses to carry out a specific function when triggered. Neural circuits interconnect to one another to form large scale brain networks. Biological neural networks have enthused the design of artificial neural networks, but artificial neural networks are usually not firm copies of their biological counter parts.

Clinical Trials are experiments or observations exhausted clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions on biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. In medicine, a case report could also be an in depth report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a personal patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of other reported cases. Case Reports are professional narratives that provide feedback on clinical practice guidelines and offer a framework for early signals of effectiveness, adverse events, and cost. they will be shared for medical, scientific, or educational purposes.

Neuropharmacology is survey of in what way drugs interact with cellular function within the nervous system, and also the neural mechanisms by which they impact behavior. The studies are much concern with the interactions of neurotransmitters, neuro-hormones, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, enzymes, ion channels second messengers, receptor proteins and co-transporters within the peripheral and central nervous systems. Innovative studies are created to execute developments in drugs to treat wide various neurological disorders together with neurodegenerative diseases notable to be Parkinson's disease, pain, psychological disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, addiction and plenty of others.

Recent amelioration in neuropharmacology were designing drugs on bases of Structural modifications for neurological drugs and General antidepressant drugs changes in brain differently in depressed and non-depressed person.

Neurobiology is the study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behaviour. It brings together many disciplines including biochemistry, molecular biology, anatomy, physiology, and medicine, to study the development and function of the brain.

The rapid development of neuroscience and immunology has revealed the nervous system and the immune system to be closely connected. It has become clear that many of these diseases are associated with a dysregulation of the immune system. The progression of neuroimmunology has opened up possibilities in multidisciplinary research and developing new and innovative treatments for some of the most debilitating neurological diseases.

Neuroinflammation is a key player in brain function and dysfunction. It is therefore necessary to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation to understand how it participates to brain diseases.

Dementia is a chronic and higher intellectual function due to organic brain disease. Dementia is condition in which a person loses their ability to think, remember, learn, and to make decisions, and solve the problems. It may also include like personality changes and emotional problems. Some other problems like decrease in motivation emotional problems and problems with language.

Globally, dementia affected total of 46 million people in 2015. About 10% of people develop this disorder at any some point of their lives. By ages 3% of the people between the ages 65–74 have dementia, and 19% of people between the age 75 and 84 and nearly half of those over 85 years of age. In 2013 dementia was resulted in about 1.7 million deaths in 1990. As more number of people are living longer, dementia is becoming very common in population as a whole.  It is to be believed to result in economic costs of 604 billion USD per year.

Peripheral Neuropathy is damage or disease that affects the nerves, which may be impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, and other aspects of health, depending on type of nerve affected. Some common causes include systemic affect which causes diseases such as diabetes, vitamin deficiency, and medication.  Peripheral Neuropathy may be chronic or acute. Acute neuropathies demand for urgent diagnosis. Motor nerves, sensory nerves, or autonomic nerves may be affected.  Peripheral Neuropathies may be classified according to the type of nerve involved, or by the underlying cause.

Geriatric and obese population people are at high risk for the developing peripheral neuropathy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated, that the people who are diagnosed with diabetes mostly are obese. so, with the rising in geriatric population and growing prevalence of diabetes propels the demand of global market to peripheral neuropathy treatment. According to World Health Organization, the global geriatric population  increase from 524 million in 2010 to about 2 billion by the year 2050. World Health Organization stated in the year 2012 that, more than the 40 million children under the age of 5 were overweight. And it has also estimated that 10% of the world population of adult was obese in 2012.

Stroke is when there is a poor blood flow to the brain that results in cell death. There are two  types of stroke 1) ischemic stroke which is defined as lack of blood flow to the brain, 2) haemorrhagic stroke which occurs due to bleeding. These result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Symptoms like inability to move or feel on one side of the body, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision. If the symptoms last in less than one or two hours then  it is known as a transient ischemic attack  also known as  mini-stroke. A haemorrhagic stroke  associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent.

In 2013 about 6.9 million people had an ischemic stroke and about 3.4 million people had a haemorrhagic stroke. In 2015 about 42.4 million people who had previously had a stroke and they were still alive. In between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year was decreased by 10% in the developed world and increased by approximately 10% in the developing world. After coronary artery disease, death cause by the stroke was in second place in 2015. About half of the people who have had a stroke live less than the one year.

It is a mental disorder, or mental illness. The causes of mental disorders are unknown.  Mental disorders are explained by the combination of behaviour of the person , or feels, or thinks. This are associated with the particular regions or functions of the brain.

Globally Some common mental disorders include depression, that affects about 400 million, dementia which affects about 35 million,  schizophrenia, that affects about 21 million people . WHO stated that 350 million populations is suffering with depression and mental disorders and approximately 24 million populations globally is affected by schizophrenia disorder. According to the survey conducted by CPA in the year 2012, about 77% of patient population receive psychotherapy are benefited or remained generalized anxiety disorder free after the treatment.

Brain Mapping is a technique or method which is used for the study of the structure and functions of different parts of the brain. Brain mapping is used for recording of brain wave activities. Brain mapping helps for surgeons in identifying brain areas which is responsible for critical functions of the body like locomotion, vision, sensation, and speech. Brain mapping helps in detection of various abnormalities such as tumours, seizures (partial, incomplete, complete) toxic injuries, Alzheimer disorders, infections. Brain mapping also helps in identifying the external environment, physical injuries. It is done by stimulation of certain brain areas that which perform language, motor, sensory, and visual functions. Brain-mapping instruments are computed tomography, positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, near-infrared spectroscopy, magneto encephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. These techniques help in measuring cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and structural integrity of the brain. It is performed in two ways two-stage procedures and directly during surgery. Brain mapping, performed during surgery, is known as intraoperative brain mapping. The brain mapping procedure time depends upon targeted brain tissues for surgery and locations of surgery.

The brain immediately confronts us with its great complexity. Alzheimer's which is a type of Dementia is: An Underlying Disease that causes problems with memory, behaviour and thinking. As estimated,5.3 million Americans of all ages have Alzheimer's disease in the recent survey. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans of age 65 and older. The etiological factors, other than older age includes genetic susceptibility. So it is important to exchange views on Causes and Prevention of Alzheimer’s, Alzheimer’s disease Diagnosis and Symptoms, Alzheimer’s disease Pathophysiology and Disease Mechanisms, Care Practice and Awareness. We are also going to analyse the Alzheimer’s disease Imaging, Mechanisms for Treatment and Therapeutic Targets.

What seems astonishing is that engineering techniques like brain  engineering, or Neural tissue engineering can be used to understand, repair, replace, enhance, or otherwise exploit the properties of neural systems  and Neuro computing  is the study of brain function in terms of the  information processing properties of the structures that make up the nervous system. current researches in the field of neuroengineering include: Neural imaging and neural networking, Biomolecular therapies in neural regeneration,  Neurorobotics, Biological neural networking, Neurohydrodynamics and clinical treatment, Engineering strategies for repair, Computational clinical neuroscience, biological-neuronmodelling, Behaviors of networks and  advanced therapies. People will also be enlightened on Advancement in brain computer interface and deep brain stimulation.

Autonomic disorders may result from other disorders that damage autonomic nerves or they may occur on their own. Progressive autonomic failure usually becomes apparent in the sixth decade of life. The Working of the central nervous system has proved to be more and more extensive and more and more fundamental as experiment has advanced in examining it. CNS disorder can be either myelopathy or encephalopathy.

Specified disorders to be discussed under this category are: Bipolar disorder, Migraine and Neuropathic pain syndromes, Accessory nerve disorder, Autonomic dysreflexia and neuropathy, CNS disorder and structural defects, Facial nerve paralysis and Meningitis.