9^th International Conference on Brain Injury & Neuroscience November 14-15, 2019 Geneva, Switzerland

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is a multidisciplinary branch of biology that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, mathematical modeling and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits.

The scope of neuroscience has broadened over time to include different approaches used to study the nervous system at different scales and the techniques used by neuroscientists have expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual neurons to imaging of sensory, motor and cognitive tasks in the brain.

Brain disorders are one of the most serious health problems facing our society .Brain disorders or Brain damage includes many conditions that can affect your brain. Those conditions that are caused by illness, genetics, or brain injury.

When the brain is damaged, it can affect many different things, such as memory, sensation, and functions. The brain is susceptible to different disorders that strike at every stage of our life. They are also the most mysterious of all diseases.

Stroke is when there is a poor blood flow to the brain that results in cell death. There are two types of stroke 1) Ischemic stroke which is defined as   lack of blood flow to the brain, 2) Hemorrhagic stroke which occurs due to bleeding. These result in part of the brain not functioning properly. Symptoms like inability to move or feel on one side of the body, feeling like the world is spinning, or loss of vision. If the symptoms last in less than one or two hours then  it is known as a transient ischemic attack  also known as  mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. 

Neurological disorders are the diseases of central and peripheral nervous system. Like brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction.  Disorders  such as epilepsy, Alzheimer disease,  dementias, cerebrovascular diseases which includes stroke, migraine and  headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neuroinfections, brain tumours, traumatic disorders of  nervous system due to head trauma, and neurological disorders as a result of malnutrition.

Neurodegenerative disorder is the progressive loss of structure or function of the neurons, including the death of the neurons. Some of the neurodegenerative diseases are Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Motor neurone diseases, and Huntington's occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes.

Neurological disorder is any disorder that belongs to nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in brain, spinal cord and other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Some symptoms like paralysis, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, and pain.

World Health Organization estimated in the year 2006 that neurological disorders affect one billion people worldwide.

Market of CNS disorders are categorized into three segments, psychiatry, neurology and pain drugs market.. Among these the psychiatry segment has the largest share that accounting for more than 40% next followed by neurology and pain segment. As of year 2012, world health organization said that about 50 million people are suffering from epilepsy worldwide most of them belong to developing nations.

Spinal Cord is main pathway for the communication between the brain and the rest of the body. It is a long, and fragile, tube like structure that extends downward from base of the brain.

Mostly pinal stenosis affects the people at age of 60 and also occur in younger people born with the abnormal spinal canal. Lumbar spinal stenosis, cervical spinal stenosis and thoracic spinal stenosis are the three types of spinal stenosis. Mostly 75% of the cases of spinal stenosis occur in the lower lumbar region.

Psychiatric Disorders is a mental disorder, or mental illness. The causes of mental disorders are unknown.  Mental disorders are explained by the combination of behavior of the person , or  feels, or thinks. This are associated with the particular regions or functions of the brain.

Globally Some common mental disorders include depression, that affects about 400 million, dementia which affects about 35 million, schizophrenia, that affects about 21 million people. WHO stated that 350 million populations is suffering with depression and mental disorders and approximately 24 million populations globally is affected by schizophrenia disorder. According to the survey conducted by CPA in the year 2012, about 77% of patient population receive psychotherapy are benefited or remained generalized anxiety disorder free after the treatment.

Peripheral Neuropathy is damage or disease that affects the nerves, which may be impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, and other aspects of health, depending on type of nerve affected. Some common causes include systemic affect which causes diseases such as diabetes, vitamin deficiency, and medication.  Peripheral neuropathy may be chronic or acute. Acute neuropathies demand for urgent diagnosis. Motor nerves, sensory nerves, or autonomic nerves may be affected.  Peripheral neuropathies may be classified according to the type of nerve involved, or by the underlying cause.

Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a group of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies.

Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as "senility" or "senile dementia," which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging.

Neuropsychiatry is the interface of psychiatry and neurology that investigates the link between mental and organic disease of the brain. It is a sub-category of Psychiatry with the main aim to obtain better understanding on the link between mind, body and behavior.

Neuroimaging is also called as brain imaging which includes various techniques to image the morphology, functioning of the nervous system. It is a new discipline within medical knowledge.

Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology that focusing on the diagnosis and characterization of abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous system, spine and head and neck using neuroimaging techniques. It includes computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging.

During 2066-2015 as per global report 582 patients were hospitalized with neurological disorders and the ratio of the patients having neuro-CTs raised by 86% to 88%,  neuro-MRs by 79%-93%,  and requirement of ICU care increased 17% to 26%.

Neurosurgery is a highly specialized medical field which focused on surgical treatment of brain and spine disorders.It is a complex surgical procedure which involves diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation of disorders affecting any part of the nervous system. The devices which are used to perform neurosurgeries are neurosurgical devices. Which are used to perform the surgeries like oncological neurosurgery, endovascular neurosurgery, and stereotactic neurosurgery. These surgeries are performed to treat neurological disorders like tumors, trauma, and brain injuries.

Neuropathology is a branch which deals with the study of diseases of the nervous system, and typically that includes the laboratory analysis of tissue samples for personalized diagnosis and forensic investigations. Neuro-pathologists who make these diagnoses and conduct research in this field, areas which includes are brain tumors, Alzheimer disease and neurodegenerative disorders, stroke and cerebrovascular disorders, cerebral palsy and developmental disorders of the brain.

Brain mapping is a technique or method which is used for the study of the structure and functions of different parts of the brain. Brain mapping is used for recording of brain wave activities. Brain mapping helps for surgeons in identifying brain areas which is responsible for critical functions of the body like locomotion, vision, sensation, and speech. Brain mapping helps in detection of various abnormalities such as tumors, seizures (partial, incomplete, complete) toxic injuries, Alzheimer disorders, infections. Brain mapping also helps in identifying the external environment, physical injuries. It is done by stimulation of certain brain areas that which perform language, motor, sensory, and visual functions. Brain-mapping instruments are computed tomography, positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, near-infrared spectroscopy, magneto encephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Neuropharmacology is the branch that deals with the study how the drugs affect the cell function in the central nervous system, and the neural mechanisms by which they influence behavioral changes.  Two main branches of neuropharmacology.

Behavioral neuropharmacology mainly deals with how drug dependence and addiction affect the human brain.

Molecular neuropharmacology is the study about the neurons and their neurochemical interactions. Both of these fields are closely connected, since both are concerned with the interactions. By these interactions, researchers are developing drugs to treat different neurological disorders, such as  pain, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, psychological disorders, like  addiction, and many others.

Neurorehabilitation or Neurological rehabilitation is a doctor-supervised complex medical assistance aimed to aid people with neurological diseases, injury or disorders and help improve function, minimize symptoms and improve the well-being of the patient.

Neurotherapeutics involves techniques like regenerative therapies, gene therapy, neural stem cell therapy, transracial direct current stimulation therapy etc. that have proven to be advantageous for treatment of various neurological disorders.